Maritime Archaeology And Ancient Trade - 799 Words

In Maritime Archaeology and Ancient Trade in the Mediterranean, Andrew Wilson argues that ancient maritime trade peaked in the Hellenistic and Roman periods. First, he identifies Parker’s graph of known shipwrecks as inaccurate evidence on the trade intensity of the ancient maritime world. Next, Wilson details several technologies, specifically the bilge pump, and hydraulic cement, that enabled the expansion of trade during the Hellenistic and Roman periods. Finally, Wilson concludes that it was Roman standardization of currency and language, not new technologies, that allowed trade to increase in the ancient world. When the Roman empire deteriorated, trade decreased, leading to the loss of harbors and shipping technologies. In 1992, A.J. Parker published a study of known shipwrecks organized by their approximate century in which the ships sank. As a result, many archaeologists have attempted to equate this graph with fluctuations in ancient maritime trade, depending upon the assumptions that each period had an equal probability of ships wrecking, and that wrecks from all periods are equally visible to archaeologists. Wilson disagrees, claiming that these assumptions are inherently flawed, and therefore, the graph cannot be used to analyze ancient maritime trade. First, the risks of wrecking were dependent upon the trade routes, which, in turn, were dependent on what items were highly sought after (Wilson, 36). If products from nearby coastal cities were desired, thenShow MoreRelated The Ulu Burun Shipwreck: Underwater Archaeology at its Finest1545 Words   |  7 PagesArchaeology is a continuously evolving field where there is a constant stream of new branches and excavation methods. Due to the influx of new technologies and innovations in recent decades, archaeologists have been able to excavate previously inaccessible areas. 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International Business Report - 1776 Words

International Business 1:00p.m.-2:00p.m. Dr. Samer Dhyyat â€Å"Crime that Pays (and Pretty Well Too)† International business Environment operations/Chapter three Case Study 1 By: Aya Khirfan 0086721 Aya Al- Kurdi 0083316 Rudayna Qasem 0086609 Aya Hakh 0082464 Introduction It has always been a major concern of programmers and software developers throughout the world, to protect the intellectual property rights and software privacy. Governments in different countries fight computer software piracy; in which it provides support to national programs in order to educate and provide awareness to business communities.†¦show more content†¦Moreover, provides them the right to participate in elections. In general, democracy is concerned with individual property rights, especially the freedom to express their opinions. As well as protecting people’s innovations from software piracy. According to what is claimed, that democratic countries with strong political and civil liberties usually have lower software piracy rates. As for totalitarianism, subordinates individuals to the interest of the group. Where a single agent takes control of the political power, and tries towards not supporting the ideology of the state as well as the activities that counters the goals of the state. Therefore, it controls people’s ideas, knowledge, and experiences and directs those to its own good and interest. Therefore, the intellectual property right is not its major concern as well as standing against software piracy. Since their objectives and concerns are related to the objectives and concerns of the agent with the political power. As for the rule of law, states that no individual is above laws which are clearly specified, commonly understood, and enforced fairly, which are improved and regulated by the parliament. 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Vicarious Liability in Tort-Free-Samples for Students-Myassignment

Question: Whether Li Min can successfully sue Wang Wie or ScubaEats for Negligence, or not? Answer: Issue Whether Li Min can successfully sue Wang Wie or ScubaEats for negligence, or not? Rule A civil wrong done is denoted through a tort and negligence is deemed as one of the torts. In a case of negligence, party X owes a duty of care towards party Y and there is a violation of this particular duty[1]. The result of this duty, to create of case of negligence, has to be substantial injury, which is not remote and where the breach of duty of care directly results in the injury suffered by Y. In such cases, Y gets the opportunity of initiating a legal claim against X for negligence and gets compensated for their losses[2]. In order to show that a person was indeed liable for negligence, there is a need to show the presence of certain elements, which includes duty of care, breach of duty of care, dames/ loss/ injury, loss being not too remote, direct causation and foreseeability[3]. For establishing a duty of care, it needs to be shown that X owed a duty of care towards Y. Section 42 of Civil Law (Wrongs) Act, 2002[4] provides that the standard of care is what a reasonable person would have done in similar circumstances[5]. Donoghue v Stevenson[6] which presented the criteria for establishing the presence of duty of care. Here, the plaintiff D was sitting at a caf and he ordered a drink. Upon the consumption of this drink, she fell sick as a dead snail was inside this bottle, which contaminated it. D brought actions against the defendant S for negligence. The defendant claimed that he did not owe a duty of care to D. However, the court found otherwise and with this, the neighbor test was presented. The court stated that the relationship between two people and the ability of actions of X directly affecting Y had to be considered. And so, S was asked to compensate D for her loss. The next step is to show that the duty of care was breached. For this purpose, the case of Paris v Stepney Borough Council[7] proves of help. In this case, the plaintiff was working on a rusty bolt, when it jumped and hit his good eye, which resulted in him being blinded. The defendant was held to have breached his duty of care as the plaintiff was not provided the necessary safety equipments and gears which could protect him, especially when the defendant had been aware of the fact that the plaintiff was already blind in one eye. Due to these reasons, the defendant was required to compensate the plaintiff for their loss. The next essential is to show that the damage suffered by Y is substantial and is not remote[8]. In Overseas Tankship (UK) Ltd v Morts Dock and Engineering Co Ltd[9], the court did not award any damage to the plaintiff as the damages were remote. The next element relates to foreseeability; in the sense that thee damages have to be reasonably foreseeable for the damages to be awarded[10]. In Vaughan v Menlove[11], the defendant had been persistently given warnings about the chances of the building catching fire as it was not properly ventilated. The defendant never worked on these warnings and chose to ignore them due to which, the court held the defendant liable for negligence. The reason behind this was that a prudent individual would have paid heed to such warnings and by not considering this, the plaintiff was required to be compensated by the defendant. The next element is to show direct causation between the injury suffered and the negligence of X. Hence, there is a need to show that due to the actions of X, Y suffered the injuries and there was a direct link between them[12]. Upon successfully showing that all these elements of negligence had been present, a claim for negligence can be made. When this is done, the monetary damages for the losses can be made. The claim can be made for the physical injury and also for the economic losses incurred[13]. When a case of negligence is made against X by Y, party X can use the defense of contributory negligence. Upon successfully showing that Y had contributed towards the injuries sustained by him, the damages awarded to Y are reduced by the amount decided by the court[14]. Froom v Butcher[15] was a case where due to the fault of the defendant, the plaintiff was injured. However, at the time of the incident, the defendant was not wearing the seatbelt. Due to this reason, the damage awarded to the plaintiff was reduced by 100 by the court. Vicarious liability is a concept which arises from the agency law where the employer is held accountable for the actions of their employees, particularly the ones related to a tortious act. In order to hold the employer responsible, the tortious act is required to be taken during the employment course. Vicarious liability is born from the Latin phrase of qui facit per alium facit per se and it means that an individual would be considered to act through another[16]. For holding the employer liable, there is also a need to show that the person was the employee of the employer. There are different tests like the control test and the integration test which help in the making of this decision. However, the most useful test is the multi-factor test as per which the situations revolving around the relationship of two individuals is to be considered for naming the kind of relationship[17]. This test was primarily given in Stevens v Brodribb Sawmilling Co Pty Ltd[18] and received confirmation afterwards in Hollis v Vabu Pty Limited[19]. Hollis v Vabu Pty Limited is particularly important case as in this case the bicycle courier was deemed to be the employee due to the presence of factors like wearing uniform, strict star timings, and bicycle being provided to him. Application In the given case study, for Li Min to hold Wang Wei liable for negligence, a duty of care has to be shown. On the basis of Donoghue v Stevenson, the relationship between the two has to be analyzed. Here, Wang Wei was driving his bicycle on the road and he owed a duty of care to all of the others who were on road. This is further clear from the ACT Road Rules which required he motorists and cyclists to stop when they saw pedestrians so that a collision can be avoided. Even when this duty was owed by Wang Wei, he failed to undertake care in his bicycle riding and cycled fast to reach early, to cover the loss of time from the detour he took. By doing so, his duty of riding the bicycle carefully was breached. And this breach of duty, on the basis of Paris v Stepney Borough Coun, would make Wang Wei liable to compensate Li Min. Wang Weis actions were such that a reasonable person would have foreseen the chances of collision. Applying Vaughan v Menlove, Wang Wei ignored the ACT Road Rules. The damage suffered by Li Min was such that she had to be hospitalized for three days. Even though these were minor injuries, they required hospital stay. So, a claim for hospital expenses can be made. Along with this, she can make a claim for the economic losses suffered by her which resulted from her being discharged from internship for poor performance. However, she cannot make a claim for quitting her job as it was a voluntary decision and not occurred due to the negligence of Wang Wei. In short, Li Min can initiate a case of negligence against Wang Wei and claim the expenses of hospital, her physical injury in form of headaches and the course fee. In this case, a case of contributory negligence can be made by Wang Wei against Li Min. This is because Li Min was indulged in her phone and was not paying attention to the road. Had she been paying attention, she could have moved aside and the accident could have been avoided. These actions of Li Min contributed towards her injuries, and on the basis of Froom v Butcher, the damages awarded to her would be reduced. The applicability of vicarious liability would make ScubaEats liable for compensation Li Min for her loss, owing to the negligence of Wang Wei. Though, for this, Wang Wei has to be shown as the employee of ScubaEats. Applying the case of Hollis v Vabu Pty Limited, Wang Wei has been given the uniform by ScubaEats and also rides the bicycle given by them. The facts of this case are similar to Hollis v Vabu Pty Limited and similar to this case, the employer would be held liable for negligence of their employee. Conclusion On the basis of discussion carried above, it is clear that Li Min can successfully sue Wang Wie and ScubaEats for negligence. However, the damages awarded to her would be reduced by the amount of contributory negligence, as decided by the court. Bibliography A.Articles/ Books/ Reports Abbott K, Pendlebury N, and Wardman K, Business law (Thompson Learning, 8th ed, 2007) Bailey VE, Cape Law: Text and cases: Contract law, Tort law and Real property (AuthorHouse, 2nd ed, 2016) Gibson A, and Fraser D, Business Law (Pearson Higher Education AU, 2013) Giliker P, Vicarious Liability in Tort: A Comparative Perspective (Cambridge University Press, 2010) Graw C, Parker D, Whitford K, Sangkuhl E, and Do C, Understanding Business Law (LexisNexis Butterworths, 8th ed, 2016) Latimer P, Australian Business Law 2012 (CCH Australia Limited, 31st ed, 2012) Lunney M and Oliphant K, Tort Law: Text and Materials (Oxford University Press, 5th ed, 2013) Morissette EL, Personal Injury and the Law of Torts for Paralegals (Aspen Publishers Online, 2008) Stewart P, and Stuhmcke, Australian Principles of Tort Law (Federation Press, 2009) Turner C, Unlocking Torts (Routledge, 3rd ed, 2013) Cases Donoghue v Stevenson [1932] UKHL 100 Froom v Butcher [1976] 1 QB 286 Hollis v Vabu Pty Limited (2001) 207 CLR 21 Overseas Tankship (UK) Ltd v Morts Dock and Engineering Co Ltd [1961] UKPC 2 Paris v Stepney Borough Council [1951] AC 367 Stevens v Brodribb Sawmilling Co Pty Ltd [1986] HCA 1 Vaughan v Menlove (1837) 132 ER 490 Legislations Civil Law (Wrongs) Act, 2002 (ACT) Tort of Negligenc Mark Lunney and Ken Oliphant, Tort Law: Text and Materials (Oxford University Press, 5th ed, 2013) Andy Gibson and Douglas Fraser, Business Law (Pearson Higher Education AU, 2013) Stephen Graw, David Parker, Keturah Whitford, Elfriede Sangkuhl and Christina Do, Understanding Business Law (LexisNexis Butterworths, 8th ed, 2016) Civil Law (Wrongs) Act, 2002 (ACT) Civil Law (Wrongs) Act 2002, s 42 [1932] UKHL 100 [1951] AC 367 Chris Turner, Unlocking Torts (Routledge, 3rd ed, 2013) [1961] UKPC 2 Paul Latimer, Australian Business Law 2012 (CCH Australia Limited, 31st ed, 2012) 1837) 132 ER 490 Pamela Stewart and Anita Stuhmcke, Australian Principles of Tort Law (Federation Press, 2009) Keith Abbott, Norman Pendlebury and Kevin Wardman, Business law (Thompson Learning, 8th ed, 2007) Emily Lynch Morissette, Personal Injury and the Law of Torts for Paralegals (Aspen Publishers Online, 2008) [1976] 1 QB 286 Paula Giliker, Vicarious Liability in Tort: A Comparative Perspective (Cambridge University Press, 2010) Veronica E. Bailey, Cape Law: Text and cases: Contract law, Tort law and Real property (AuthorHouse, 2nd ed, 2016) [1986] HCA 1 (2001) 207 CLR 21

Social System of the School Essay Example

Social System of the School Essay Briefly about school as social system. As a social system, the school is the accumulation of the integral components of interacting socially and have a gait that depends between each other. Zamroni (2001) states that the approach microcosmis see school as a world itself, in which have elements to be called a society, as leaders, government, community or the rules and norms and social groups. In accordance with the structural functional approach, institutions are like the small community school which has the power to regulate and manage the organic components. The sections are organized and integrated social control system under the form of a formal organization. Formal is a reference guide from all backgrounds fundamental attitudes and behaviors of carrier status and role in the school. The structural functional approach see the school environment is essentially an array of roles and status of different, each of which is concentrated in one part of a legal power that drives the structural power of orientation in order to achieve certain goals. Of course, the social system relies on the status of the school as a formal institution. The presence of teachers, students, principals, school psychologists or counselors, parents, students, administrators. Administrator of the functional components that interact actively and determine all kinds of development dynamics of school life as an organization of formal education. So that here the functional strukural underlie our view to see the different roles and formal status in the school as the only basic guidelines for all activities undertaken by its citizens. Manifestation of the fundamental role of school norms have been binding on the integrity of its citizens in the nuances of high consciousness. We will write a custom essay sample on Social System of the School specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Social System of the School specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Social System of the School specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Meanwhile, the conflict approach emphasizes the portion of the subjective assessment of the role of school principals and objective consequences for a form of school as an institution that maintains the power system. Approach to the conflict to see the other side of the martinet school community behavior in practice the desires of the individual who is always obedient to the normative force. In more radical approach to the conflict a few adherents assert that the existing social order (including in schools) is the result of either the dominant power source from the physical coercion and symbolic violence (violence symbolic). This means that the dominant social classes have a social symbols menghegomoni sejalur awareness to all members with an objective value system which is essentially a lot of siding with the ruling group or class. Inside the school, a school principal in addition to having a formal position as a school leader it also indicates a conflict of interest and autonomy of others is lower status, such as teachers, administrative staff and so forth. Against the teacher, when a school principal formal functions, then there is the point of destabilizing opposition role of teacher autonomy in managing the teaching and learning. On the one hand, school principals hope that the students succeeded in learning the process of effective teaching, efficient and able to achieve mastery of the target material a lot. On the other hand, hopes that symbolizes the status of principal interest is of course a burden as well as the role of the position of teacher autonomy in managing the classroom learning. Faisal and Yasik (1985) states that conflict can be drawn from this approach are two basic assumptions that appear on the school institution. An institution that has certain goals and maintain a lot of different status and also has a functional role. Diversity status functions are managed through formal legal authority to utilize the principles of bureaucracy. Two assumptions are that: The potential for conflict in integrating an understanding of the goals of school to the stockholders berbedabeda status. For one purpose of education, each carrier will have a power position capture sectoral berbedabeda in interpreting the results and the process of achieving goals. The difficulty of reaching a common perception about the role and position limits of education. As a result, the situation of internal conflict sparked a cross position. The definition of the role of internal conflict is a conflict antarpihak expectations of the role of the position holders in the school. The teachers are faced with conflicting expectations with the principal, superintendent, staff counseling, education administrators, parents and even from their own pupils. Of the two main approaches above (structural and functional conflict) can be concluded that the school is not just a set consisting of the executive administration, teachers and students with all their innate nature and each (Horton and Hunt, 1999: 333). More than that, school is a social system in which there is a set of well-established relationship, interaction, confrontation, conflict, accommodation, and integration that determines the dynamics of its citizens in the school. Therefore, in the school will always contain elements and social processes as well as complex social dynamics of the general public.